In last weeks of December 1776 and most of January 1777, British military commander Lt. Gen. Sir William Howe released about 2,200 American prisoners just before they died of sickness and starvation. Almost immediately, he began demanding that George Washington release a corresponding 2,200 British soldiers--an exchange of living men for virtual corpses.
This 2019 article, "1776--The Horror Show," documents the national trauma caused by the appearance of some 2,000 "emaciated spectres."
This 2020 article, "What Killed Prisoners of War? A Medical Investigation," establishes that American prisoners exhibited the classic symptoms of what 20th-century medicine identified as "famine disease:" a prolonged period of lethargy, closed by a rapid terminal phase marked, in the worst cases, by emaciation, vocal deterioration and fatal diarrhea often mistaken for dysentery.
I am grateful that the Journal of the American Revolution found these articles worth publishing. I am grateful to tell the story of a mostly forgotten American tragedy.
Sunday, April 18, 2021
The Nightmare of 1776
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Whistleblower
In 1776, the Continental Congress ordered Esek Hopkins, the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Navy, to treat prisoners "well and humanely." In 1777, ten sailors and marines reported Hopkins for mistreating British prisoners. Congress dismissed the commodore.
Well-connected in Rhode Island, Hopkins had two whistleblowers, Richard Marven and Samuel Shaw, arrested there for libel. Congress stood by the whistleblowers.
Allison Stanger wrote in 2019, " Congress ruled that Marven and Shaw should be released. Bit the legislators went even further; on July 30, 1778, they passed the world's first whistle-blower-protection law." A professor at Middlebury College, Stanger is also a technology and human values senior fellow Harvard University's Edmund J. Safra Center for Ethics.
Stephen M. Kohn of the National Whistleblower Center wrote in a 2011 Op-Ed for The New York Times, "Armed with Congress's support, the whistle-blowers put on a strong defense, and won their case in court. And true to its word, Congress on May 22, 1779, provided $1,418 to cover costs associated with the whistle-blowers' defense."
🌟Allison Stanger maintains the Continental Congress was taking a stand against torturing enemy captives and also a stand against corruption. The American Revolution gives us an example of opposing torture and corruption--and protecting whistleblowers!
Well-connected in Rhode Island, Hopkins had two whistleblowers, Richard Marven and Samuel Shaw, arrested there for libel. Congress stood by the whistleblowers.
Allison Stanger wrote in 2019, " Congress ruled that Marven and Shaw should be released. Bit the legislators went even further; on July 30, 1778, they passed the world's first whistle-blower-protection law." A professor at Middlebury College, Stanger is also a technology and human values senior fellow Harvard University's Edmund J. Safra Center for Ethics.
Stephen M. Kohn of the National Whistleblower Center wrote in a 2011 Op-Ed for The New York Times, "Armed with Congress's support, the whistle-blowers put on a strong defense, and won their case in court. And true to its word, Congress on May 22, 1779, provided $1,418 to cover costs associated with the whistle-blowers' defense."
🌟Allison Stanger maintains the Continental Congress was taking a stand against torturing enemy captives and also a stand against corruption. The American Revolution gives us an example of opposing torture and corruption--and protecting whistleblowers!
Wednesday, September 11, 2019
Sept 11 Anniversary
With our recollection of the dead and compassion for the grieving, we should make room for remembering what America should continue to be.
🌟 George Washington and Thomas Jefferson's idea of America and freedom included Muslims and Jews.
🌟For the most part, American revolutionaries considered the mistreatment of prisoners a disgrace to the nation that committed it.
Rev. John Witherspoon remarked, "The barbarous treatment of the American prisoners ... is a melancholy subject indeed, and will be a stain upon the British name to future ages." Link here.
🌟As Noah Feldman wrote in The Three Lives of James Madison, President James Madison protected civil liberties during the War of 1812. "Madison wanted to demonstrate that the Constitution could preserve freedom no matter what challenges it faced."
🌟 George Washington and Thomas Jefferson's idea of America and freedom included Muslims and Jews.
🌟For the most part, American revolutionaries considered the mistreatment of prisoners a disgrace to the nation that committed it.
Rev. John Witherspoon remarked, "The barbarous treatment of the American prisoners ... is a melancholy subject indeed, and will be a stain upon the British name to future ages." Link here.
🌟As Noah Feldman wrote in The Three Lives of James Madison, President James Madison protected civil liberties during the War of 1812. "Madison wanted to demonstrate that the Constitution could preserve freedom no matter what challenges it faced."
Sunday, September 8, 2019
Toleration
Check out my recent article in the Journal of the American Revolution, entitled "America's Revolution Against Toleration: The Rise of True Religious Liberty."
Welsh economist and Nonconformist clergyman Richard Price explained, "Toleration can take place only where ... a predominant sect enjoys exclusive advantages ... but at the same time thinks fit to suffer the exercise of other modes of faith and worship."
Price delivered sermons in London defending the American Revolution. Americans loved Richard Price. When Price said he disapproved of religious qualifications for public office, Americans opposed religious tests for office.
I believe Richard Price directly influenced a landmark feature of the Constitution.
As I mentioned in the article, "Even before the Bill of Rights, Article 6 of the Constitution opened federal office to people of any religious persuasion. Article 6 eliminated the insult of exclusion that was often a hallmark of toleration."
Despite Price's popularity at the time of the Revolution (1775-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), we modern Americans rarely hear of this philosopher and friend of liberty.
See also
"The Debate Over Religious Tests," Center for the Study of the American Constitution, University of Wisconson-Madison.
The Founders Constitution, Volume 4, Article 6, Clause 3, The University of Chicago Press.
Welsh economist and Nonconformist clergyman Richard Price explained, "Toleration can take place only where ... a predominant sect enjoys exclusive advantages ... but at the same time thinks fit to suffer the exercise of other modes of faith and worship."
Price delivered sermons in London defending the American Revolution. Americans loved Richard Price. When Price said he disapproved of religious qualifications for public office, Americans opposed religious tests for office.
I believe Richard Price directly influenced a landmark feature of the Constitution.
As I mentioned in the article, "Even before the Bill of Rights, Article 6 of the Constitution opened federal office to people of any religious persuasion. Article 6 eliminated the insult of exclusion that was often a hallmark of toleration."
Despite Price's popularity at the time of the Revolution (1775-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), we modern Americans rarely hear of this philosopher and friend of liberty.
See also
"The Debate Over Religious Tests," Center for the Study of the American Constitution, University of Wisconson-Madison.
The Founders Constitution, Volume 4, Article 6, Clause 3, The University of Chicago Press.
Monday, July 22, 2019
under God
Thank you also to anyone who read my article "'Under God:' Understanding Its Revolutionary Usage," Journal of the American Revolution.
The phrase was meant to avert misfortune by piously making praise conditional and making confidence humble. It functioned like the Arabic phrase inshallah, "God willing." Only in the 1950s did Americans radically change the meaning of the phrase.
My thanks also to everyone who has taken a look at my ebook, The Founding Fathers versus Tucker Carlson. Where the Fox News opinion show host wants viewers to fear "demographic chance," George Washington wanted America to welcome the poor and oppressed "of all nations and religions."
You can find the book on
Kobo
Apple Books
Amazon Kindle
Barnes & Noble Nook
and other sites selling ebooks.
The phrase was meant to avert misfortune by piously making praise conditional and making confidence humble. It functioned like the Arabic phrase inshallah, "God willing." Only in the 1950s did Americans radically change the meaning of the phrase.
My thanks also to everyone who has taken a look at my ebook, The Founding Fathers versus Tucker Carlson. Where the Fox News opinion show host wants viewers to fear "demographic chance," George Washington wanted America to welcome the poor and oppressed "of all nations and religions."
You can find the book on
Kobo
Apple Books
Amazon Kindle
Barnes & Noble Nook
and other sites selling ebooks.
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